سيادة الدولة والحماية الأمنية لحقوق الإنسان

    إن اﻟﺴﻴﺎدة اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻜﺎراﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎم ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ، إذ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﻮاء اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ رﻛﻨﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ وأﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺑﻘﺎء واﺳﺘﻘﻼل اﻟﺪول، وﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﻤﺮت اﻟﺴﻴﺎدة ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم ﻛﻤﺒﺪأ اﺳﺘﻘﺮت ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺪة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ، إﻻ أن اﻟﺴﻴﺎدة اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪول ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻗﺪ اﻫﺘﺰت ﺑﺘﻨﺎﻣﻲ الاﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﺑﺤﻘﻮق اﻹﻧﺴﺎن وﻣﺎ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮوز ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ وﻣﺒﺎدئ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ، ﺗﻄﻮرت ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻹﻳﺠﺎد آﻟﻴﺎت ﺗﻮازن ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﺎدة اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪول وﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻹﻧﺴﺎن وﺣﻘﻮق اﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﻬﺎ
     ﺣﻴﺚ ﺷﻬﺪ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺎً ﺑﺮوز اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ واﻵﻟﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ ذات اﻟﺴﻴﺎق اﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻜﺮة " اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎدﻟﺔ "وﻣﺮوراً ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮم "اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ" واﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺎوﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﺴﻴﺎدة اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻷﻃﺮ وﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺗﻀﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ أوﻟﻮﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻹﻧﺴﺎن وﺣﻘﻮق اﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺮرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺮوز ﻓﻜﺮة "ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ" اﻟﺘﻲ أرادت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﺿﻤﺎن ﻓﺮض اﺣﺘﺮام ﺣﻘﻮق اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل اﻹﺧﻼل ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺪول أو ﻓﺸﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ، ﻣﻤﺎ أﺛﺎر وﻻزال ﻳﺜﻴﺮ اﻟﺠﺪل ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﺗﻌﺎرﺿﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ أﺣﺪ أﻫﻢ اﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮص ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎق اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة وﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪأ اﻟﺴﻴﺎدة اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺆون اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪول.
  National sovereignty is one of the basic ideas on which international law is based. In legal systems, whether international or domestic, it is an important and fundamental pillar to ensure the survival and independence of states. Sovereignty has continued in this concept as a principle on which international transactions have been established for a long time. However, the national sovereignty of states in its absolute concept has been shaken by the growing international interest in human rights and the accompanying emergence of new related concepts and principles that have developed historically in an ongoing attempt to find mechanisms that balance between The national sovereignty of states and the preservation of human rights and minority rights in cases of their violation.                                                                                                                                
 Historically, international law has witnessed the emergence of many concepts and mechanisms in the same context, starting with the idea of ​​“just war” and passing through the concept of “humanitarian intervention,” all of which have attempted to reconsider the idea of ​​absolute national sovereignty according to frameworks and concepts that place among their priorities the protection of human rights and the rights of minorities stipulated in international law, until the emergence of the idea of ​​“responsibility to protect,” through which the United Nations wanted to ensure the imposition of respect for human rights in the event of their violation by states or Its failure to protect it, which has raised and continues to raise controversy regarding its conflict with one of the most important principles stipulated in the United Nations Charter, which is the principle of national sovereignty, as well as the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of states